1Cornea Research Center, Khatam‐Al‐Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2PhD student of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Endoscopic & Minimally Invasive Surgery, and Cancer Research Centers, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Paradise Daneshgah, Azadi Square, Mashad, Iran
5MSc student of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
6Nutrition research group, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده
Introduction: Fasting during the month of Ramadan is obligatory for healthy Muslims after the age of puberty. This paper was aimed to compare the changes in hematological and biochemical parameters before and after Ramadan. Methods:This prospective study was performed one week before and one week after the month of Ramadan in 2015. Eighty-nine subjects (51males and 38 females) with a mean age of 34.52±9.05 were enrolled in this study. Patients with systemic disorder, special drug using, and/or a history of previous surgery were excluded. Blood samples were taken from all participants before and after Ramadan to evaluate the effects of fasting on hematological-biochemical factors. Hematological and biochemical measurements were performed on the blood samples using a KX-21N cell counter (Kobe, Japan) and Hitachi 717 analyzer (Roche, Japan), respectively. Results:Hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC) and Mean Red Cell Volume (MCV) decreased after Ramadan fasting (P= 0.002, P= 0.030 and P= 0.005, respectively), however mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P=0.004, P=0.002, respectively). On the other hand, no changes were seen in hemoglobin, platelets and white blood cell (WBC) after Ramadan (P=0.900, P=0.923, P=0.282, P=0.300, respectively). In this study, fasting led to decrease in uric acid, creatinine, selenium, sodium and potassium (P=0.00, P=0.015, P=0.021, 0.007 and 0.028, respectively), however, phosphor serum increased after fasting period (P=0.032). Moreover, no changes were seen in other biochemical parameters including fast blood sugar (FBS), urea, calcium, iron, zinc, and albumin (P= 0.54, P=0.300, P=0.054, P=0.372, P=0.170, and P=0.400, respectively). Conclusion:This study on healthy subjects suggests that fasting could affect some hematological-biochemical parameters but not all of them. Also, these changes in hematological-biochemical parameters were within the normal range and Ramadan fasting seems to be safe for healthy subjects.
Bahijri SM, Ajabnoor GM, Borai A, Al-Aama JY, Chrousos GP. Effect of Ramadan fasting in Saudi Arabia on serum bone profile and immune-globulins. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 6(5):223-32.
Amirkalali Sijavandi MS, Shahsavan F, Asgarizadeh F, Namaty M, Heravian J, Mahmodi Z, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on blood pressure and lipid profiles. J Fasting Health. 2015; 3(3):126-31.
Azizi F. Research in Islamic fasting and health. Ann Saudi Med. 2002; 22(3-4):186-91.
Adnan WA, Zaharan NL, Wong MH, Lim SK. The effects of intermittent fasting during the month of Ramadan in chronic hemodialysis patients in a tropical climate country. PloS One. 2014; 9(12):e114262.
Rouhani MH, Azadbakht L. Is Ramadan fasting related to health outcomes? A review on the related evidence. J Res Med Sci. 2014; 19(10): 987-92.
Azizi F. Islamic fasting and health. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010; 56(4):273‐82.
Rahman M, Rashid M, Basher S, Sultana S, Nomani MZ. Improved serum HDL cholesterol profile among Bangladeshi male students during Ramadan fasting. East Mediterr Health J. 2004; 10(1-2):131-7.
Imtiaz S, Salman B, Dhrolia MF, Nasir K, Abbas HN, Ahmad A. Clinical and biochemical parameters of hemodialysis patients before and during Islamic month of Ramadan. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2016; 10(2):75-8.
Tayebi SM, Hanachi P, Niaki AG, Ali PN, Ghaziani FG. Ramadan fasting and weight-lifting training on vascular volumes and hematological profiles in young male weight-lifters. Global J Health Sci. 2010; 2(1):160-6.
Alsaadi K, Voss SC, Kraiem S, Alwahaibi A, Alyazedi S, Dbes N, et al. The effect of fasting during Ramadan on parameters of the hematological and steroidal modules of the athletes’ biological passport–a pilot study. Drug Test Anal. 2015; 7(11-12):1017-24.
Mugisha JO, Seeley J, Kuper H. Population based hematology reference ranges for old people in rural South-West Uganda. BMC Res Notes. 2016; 9(1):433.
Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Bartagi Z, Zrifi R, Zerguini Y, Dvorak J. Effect of Ramadan fasting on some biochemical and haematological parameters in Tunisian youth soccer players undertaking their usual training and competition schedule. J Sports Sci. 2008; 26(Suppl 3):S39-46.
Dewanti L, Watanabe C, Ohtsuka R. Unexpected changes in blood pressure and hematological parameters among fasting and nonfasting workers during Ramadan in Indonesia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006; 60(7):877-81.
Sgnaolin V, Engroff P, Ely LS, Schneider RH, Schwanke CH, Gomes I, et al. Hematological parameters and prevalence of anemia among free-living elderly in south Brazil. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2013; 35(2):115-8.
Adeli K, Higgins V, Nieuwesteeg M, Raizman JE, Chen Y, Wong SL, et al. Biochemical marker reference values across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Clin Chem. 2015; 61(8):1049-62.
Ramadan J, Telahoun G, Al-Zaid NS, Barac-Nieto M. Responses to exercise, fluid, and energy balances during Ramadan in sedentary and active males. Nutrition. 1999; 15(10):735-9.
Nasiri J, Mahmoudzadeh M, Kheiri S, Khoshdel A. The effect of Ramadan fasting on hematological parameters. J Fasting Health. 2016; 4(4):145-51.
Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Hejazi K. The effects of Ramadan fasting and physical activity on blood hematological-biochemical parameters. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013; 16(7):845-9.
Gurm HS, Whitlow PL, Kip KE; BARI Investigators. The impact of body mass index on short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Insights from the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39(5):834-40.
Fakhrzadeh H, Larijani B, Sanjari M, Baradar-Jalili R, Amini MR. Effect of Ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical parameters in healthy adults. Ann Saudi Med. 2003; 23(3-4):223-6.
Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, et al. Effect of fasting In Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013; 26(1):97-104.
Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Roky R, Wong P, Mbazaa A, Bartagi Z, et al. Lipid profiles of judo athletes during Ramadan. Int J Sports Med. 2008; 29(4):282-8.
Saleh SA, Elsharouni A, cherian B, Mourou M. Effects of Ramadan fasting on waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood sugar on a sample of healthy Kuwaiti men and women. Mal J Nutr. 2005; 11(2):143-50.
Asgar S, Aghaei F, Naderi GA, Kelishadi R, Gharipour M, Azali S. Effect of Ramadan fasting on lipid peroxidation, serum lipoproteins and fasting blood sugar. Med J Islam Acad Sci. 2000; 13(1): 35-8.
Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, Ghozzi H, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med. 2011; 2(3):134-44.
Gumaa KA, Mustafa KY, Mahmoud NA, Gader AM. The effect of fasting in Ramadan: 1. Serum uric acid and lipid concentration. Br J Nutr. 1978; 40(3):573-81.
Leiper JB, Molla AM. Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57(Suppl 2):S30-8.
Born M, Elmadfa I, Schmal FW. Effects of periodic fluid and food withdrawal. An inquiry conducted during the Lenten month Ramadan on foreign workers. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr. 1979; 121(47):1569-72.
Irwin JJ, Kirchner JT. Anemia in children. Am Fam Physician. 2001; 64(8):1379-86.
