سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد

قلندری, سحر, کریمان, نورالسادات, شیخان, زهره, شاه رحمانی, حدیث, اسعدی, نیره. (1395). مروری سیستماتیک بر انواع روش‌های درمانی مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان در ایران و جهان. , 19(15), 16-38. doi: 10.22038/ijogi.2016.7412
سحر قلندری; نورالسادات کریمان; زهره شیخان; حدیث شاه رحمانی; نیره اسعدی. "مروری سیستماتیک بر انواع روش‌های درمانی مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان در ایران و جهان". , 19, 15, 1395, 16-38. doi: 10.22038/ijogi.2016.7412
قلندری, سحر, کریمان, نورالسادات, شیخان, زهره, شاه رحمانی, حدیث, اسعدی, نیره. (1395). 'مروری سیستماتیک بر انواع روش‌های درمانی مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان در ایران و جهان', , 19(15), pp. 16-38. doi: 10.22038/ijogi.2016.7412
قلندری, سحر, کریمان, نورالسادات, شیخان, زهره, شاه رحمانی, حدیث, اسعدی, نیره. مروری سیستماتیک بر انواع روش‌های درمانی مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان در ایران و جهان. , 1395; 19(15): 16-38. doi: 10.22038/ijogi.2016.7412

مروری سیستماتیک بر انواع روش‌های درمانی مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان در ایران و جهان

مجله زنان، مامایی و نازایی ایران
مقاله 3، دوره 19، شماره 15، تیر 1395، صفحه 16-38    اصل مقاله (839.01 K)
نوع مقاله: مروری
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22038/ijogi.2016.7412
نویسندگان
سحر قلندری1؛ نورالسادات کریمان* 2؛ زهره شیخان* 3؛ حدیث شاه رحمانی1؛ نیره اسعدی4
1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2استادیار گروه مامایی و بهداشت باروری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
3کارشناسی ارشد مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
4دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مامایی، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
مقدمه: خونریزی پس از زایمان به عنوان اولین علت مرگ و میر مادری در کشورهای در حال توسعه است. با توجه به اینکه پیشگیری و درمان خونریزی پس از زایمان گامی مهم در سلامت جامعه و به خصوص سلامت زنان است، مطالعات متفاوتی در جهت درمان مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان انجام شده است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف مروری سیستماتیک بر مطالعات انجام شده در مورد درمان‌های طبی و غیرطبی مؤثر بر خونریزی پس از زایمان در ایران و جهان انجام شد.
روش‌کار: در این مطالعه مروری سیستماتیک اطلاعات مورد نظر از پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی مرکز ثبت کارآزمایی‌های بالینی IRCT، Google Scholar، SID، Pubmed، Scopus و Science Direct با کلمات کلیدی خونریزی پس از زایمان و کارآزمایی بالینی در بازه زمانی 2015-2000 جستجو شد. بر اساس معیار جداد، مطالعاتی که نمره 3 و یا بیشتر گرفتند وارد مطالعه شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها به صورت کیفی انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: در نهایت 67 کارآزمایی شامل 18 مقاله ایرانی و 49 مقاله خارجی که دارای معیار ورود به مطالعه بودند، بررسی شدند. بر اساس بررسی‌های انجام شده، تعداد مطالعات انجام شده در زمینه داروهای گیاهی بسیار محدود اما در زمینه داروهای شیمیایی متعدد بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که اکسی توسین به علت عوارض جانبی کمتر به عنوان اولین خط درمان خونریزی پس از زایمان مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد و داروی بعدی میزوپروستول است. در مورد تأثیر داروهای دیگر چه طبی و چه غیر طبی نیاز به انجام مطالعات بیشتر است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
خونریزی پس از زایمان؛ درمان؛ کارآزمایی بالینی؛ مرور سیستماتیک
مراجع
  1. Mousa HA, Blum J, Abou El Senoun G, Shakur H, Alfirevic Z. Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 13(2):CD003249.
  2. El Behery MM, El Sayed GA, El Hameed AA, Soliman BS, Abdelsalam WA, Bahaa A. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in obese nulliparous women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 29(8):1257-60.
  3. Ronsmans C, Graham WJ, Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group. Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why. Lancet 2006; 368(9542):1189-200.
  4. Drife J. Management of primary postpartum haemorrhage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104(3):275-7.
  5. Arduini M, Epicoco G, Clerici G, Bottaccioli E, Arena S, Affronti G. B-Lynch suture, intrauterine balloon, and endouterine hemostatic suture for the management of postpartum hemorrhage due to placenta previa accreta. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2010; 108(3):191-3.
  6. Cunningham FG. Williams obstetrics. 23th ed. Mexico: McGraw Hill; 2014. P. 757-8.
  7. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
  8. Mpemba F, Kampo S, Zhang X. Towards 2015: post‐partum haemorrhage in sub‐Saharan Africa still on the rise. J Clin Nurs 2014; 23(5-6):774-83.
  9. Sheikh L, Najmi N, Khalid U, Saleem T. Evaluation of compliance and outcomes of a management protocol for massive postpartum hemorrhage at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11(1):28.
  10. Hoveyda F, MacKenzie IZ. Secondary postpartum haemorrhage: incidence, morbidity and current management. BJOG 2001; 108(9):927-30.
  11. Mojahed S, Aflatunian A, Khadem N, Dehghani Firouzabadi R, Karimi Zarchi M. An investigation into effectiveness of date (Rutab) on postpartum hemorrhage. Shahid Sadoughi Univ J 2012; 20(2):159-66. (Persian).
  12. Mahdavian M, Golmakani N, Mansoori A, Hoseinzadeh H, Afzalaghaee M. An investigation of effectiveness of orall Dill extracts on postpartum hemorrhage. J Women Midwifery Infertil Iran 2001; 78(4):1.
  13. Liu DY, Fan L, Huang XH. Clinical observation on treatment of postpartum hemorrhage by xuesaitong soft capsule. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2002; 22(3):182-4.
  14. Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ. The fruit of the date palm: its possible use as the best food for the future? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003; 54(4):247-59.
  15. Khadem N, Sharaphy A, Latifnejad R, Hammod N, Ibrahimzadeh S. Comparing the efficacy of dates and oxytocin in the management of postpartum hemorrhage. Shiraz E-Med J 2007; 8(2):64-71.
  16. Yousefy Jadidi M, Kariman N, Jam Bar Sang S, Lari H. The effect of date fruit consumption on spontaneous labor. J Res Relig Health 2015; 1(3):4-10.
  17. Khadem Maboudi AA, Zayeri F, Sourteji A, Kariman N, Baghestani AR, Sedghifard Z, et al. The effect of nettle extract and mefenamic acid on reducing the symptoms of menorrhagia patients by joint modeling. Sci Res J Shahed Univ 2014; 21(109):35-49 .(Persian).
  18. Naafe M, Kariman N, Keshavarz Z, Mojab F, Chaibakhsh S. Considering the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of capsella bursa pastoris on menorrhagia. Arak Univ Med Sci J 2016; 19(1):86-94. (Persian).
  19. Zargari A. Medicinanl plants. 8th ed. Tehran, Iran: Tehrari University; 2010. (Persian).
  20. Soltani A. Dictionary of medicinal plants. 2nd ed. Tehran, Iran: Arjmand Press; 2004. (Persian).
  21. Grosso C, Vinholes J, Silva LR, Pinho PG, Gonçalves RF, Valentão P, et al. Chemical composition and biological screening of Capsella bursa pasturis. Rev Bras Framacogn 2011; 21(4):635-43.
  22. Borivoje J. Collection of the most effective natural remedise. Home Remedies and Natural Cures. Available at: URL: http//Health from Nature.net; 2011.
  23. Klaassen CD, Amdur MO. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. P. 1104.
  24. Kuroda K. Pharmacological and anticarcinogenic effect of capsella bursa pastoris extract. Chiba Med 1989; 65(3):67-74.
  25. Livdans-Forret AB, Harvey PJ, Larkin-Thier SM. Menorrhage: a synopsis of managment focusing on herbal and nutritional supplements, and chiropractic. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2007; 51(4):235-46.
  26. Fazel N, Esmaeili H, Razavi NS. Effect of cumin oil on post partum hemorrhage after cesarean. Iran J Med Aromatic Plants 2013; 29(1):97-103.
  27. Priya GP, Veena P, Chaturvedula L, Subitha L. A randomized controlled trial of sublingual misoprostol and intramuscular oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292(6):1231-7.
  28. Hofmeyr GJ, Walraven G, Gülmezoglu AM, Maholwana B, Alfirevic Z, Villar J. Misoprostol to treat postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. BJOG 2005; 112(5):547-53.
  29. Ng PS, Chan AS, Sin WK, Tang LC, Cheung KB, Yuen PM. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and i.m. syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. Hum Reprod 2001; 16(1):31-5.
  30. Rajaei M, Karimi S, Shahboodaghi Z, Mahboobi H, Khorgoei T, Rajaei F. Safety and efficacy of misoprostol versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. J Pregnancy 2014; 2014:713879.
  31. Elgafor el Sharkwy IA. Carbetocin versus sublingual misoprostol plus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at cesarean section in patients with risk factors: a randomized, open trail study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 288(6):1231-6.
  32. Beigi A, Tabarestani H, Moini A, Zarrinkoub F, Kazempour M, Amree AH. Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in the management of postpartum hemorrhage. Tehran Univ Med J 2009; 67(8):556-61. (Persian).
  33. Bellad M, Tara D, Ganachari MS, Mallapur MD, Goudar SS, Kodkany BS, et al. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol or oxytocin: a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2012; 119(8):975-82.
  34. Vimala N, Mittal S, Kumar S. Sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion to reduce blood loss at cesarean section. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2006; 92(2):106-10.
  35. Blum J, Winikoff B, Raghavan S, Dabash R, Ramadan MC, Dilbaz B, et al. Treatment of post-partum haemorrhage with sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin in women receiving prophylactic oxytocin: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2010; 375(9710):217-23.
  36. Zuberi NF, Durocher J, Sikander R, Baber N, Blum J, Walraven G. Misoprostol in addition to routine treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a hospital-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2008; 8(1):40.
  37. Hoj L, Cardoso P, Nielsen BB, Hvidman L, Nielsen J, Aaby P. Effect of sublingual misoprostol on severe postpartum haemorrhage in a primary health centre in Guinea-Bissau: randomised double blind clinical trial. BMJ 2005; 331(7519):723.
  38. Vaid A, Dadhwal V, Mittal S, Deka D, Misra R, Sharma JB, et al. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic sublingual misoprostol versus intramuscular methyl-ergometrine versus intramuscular 15-methyl PGF2α in active management of third stage of labor. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 280(6):893-7.
  39. Widmer M, Blum J, Hofmeyr GJ, Carroli G, Abdel-Aleem H, Lumbiganon P, et al. Misoprostol as an adjunct to standard uterotonics for treatment of post-partum haemorrhage: a multicentre, double-blind randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 375(9728):1808-13.
  40. Tewatia R, Rani S, Srivastav U, Makhija B. Sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in prevention of post-partum hemorrhage. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 289(4):739-42.
  41. Samimi M, Abedzadeh KM, Imani A. Comparison of the effect of rectal misoprostol and IM syntometrin in the prevention of post partum hemorrhage. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci Health Ser 2011; 18(2):38-44. (Persian).
  42. Lokugamage AU, Sullivan KR, Niculescu I, Tigere P, Onyangunga F, El Refaey H, et al. A randomized study comparing rectally administered misoprostol versus Syntometrine combined with an oxytocin infusion for the cessation of primary post partum hemorrhage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80(9):835-9.
  43. Mirteimouri M, Tara F, Teimouri B, Sakhavar N, Vaezi A. Efficacy of rectal misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Iran J Pharm Res 2013; 12(2):469-74.
  44. Badejoko OO, Ijarotimi AO, Awowole IO, Loto OM, Badejoko BO, Olaiya DS, et al. Adjunctive rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in women at risk: a randomized controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012; 38(11):1294-301.
  45. Nasr A, Shahin AY, Elsamman AM, Zakherah MS, Shaaban OM. Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2009; 105(3):244-7.
  46. Chaudhuri P, Mandi S, Mazumdar A. Rectally administrated misoprostol as an alternative to intravenous oxytocin infusion for preventing post‐partum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40(9):2023-30.
  47. Elsedeek MS. Impact of preoperative rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2012; 118(2):149-52.
  48. Gerstenfeld TS, Wing DA. Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185(4):878-82.
  49. Musa AO, Ijaiya MA, Saidu R, Aboyeji AP, Jimoh AA, Adesina KT, et al. Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing misoprostol and oxytocin for management of the third stage of labor in a Nigerian hospital. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2015; 129(3):227-30.
  50. Afolabi E, Kuti O, Orji EO, Ogunniyi SO. Oral misoprostol versus intramuscular oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour. Singapore Med J 2010; 51(3):207-11.
  51. Mobeen N, Durocher J, Zuberi N, Jahan N, Blum J, Wasim S, et al. Administration of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in homebirths in Pakistan: a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. BJOG 2011; 118(3):353-61.
  52. Baskett TF, Persad VL, Clough HJ, Young DC. Misoprostol versus oxytocin for the reduction of postpartum blood loss. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2007; 97(1):2-5.
  53. Uncu Y, Karahasan M, Uyaniklar Ö, Uncu G. Prophylactic misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19(1):15-22.
  54. Walraven G, Dampha Y, Bittaye B, Sowe M, Hofmeyr J. Misoprostol in the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in addition to routine management: a placebo randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2004; 111(9):1014-7.
  55. Mirghafourvand M, Mohamad Alizadeh Charandabi S, Abasalizadeh F, Shirdel M. The effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2013; 16(60):1-8. (Persian).
  56. Xu J, Gao W, Ju Y. Tranexamic acid for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section: a double-blind randomization trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287(3):463-8.
  57. Shakur H, Elbourne D, Gülmezoglu M, Alfirevic Z, Ronsmans C, Allen E, et al. The WOMAN Trial (World Maternal Antifibrinolytic Trial): tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: an international randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial. Trials 2010; 11(1):40.
  58. Movafegh A, Eslamian L, Dorabadi A. Effect of intravenous tranexamic acid administration on blood loss during and after cesarean delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2011; 115(3):224-6.
  59. Gungorduk K, Ascoglu O, Yildirm G, Ark C, Tekirdag AI, Besmoglu B. Can intravenous injection of tranexamic acid be used in routine practice with active management of the third stage of labor in vaginal delivery? A randomized controlled study. Am J Perinatol 2013; 30(5):407-13.
  60. Sentürk MB, Cakmak Y, Yildiz G, Yildiz P. Tranexamic acid for cesarean section: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287(4):641-5.
  61. Gai MY, Wu LF, Su QF, Tatsumoto K. Clinical observation of blood loss reduced by tranexamic acid during and after caesarian section: a multi-center, randomized trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 112(2):154-7.
  62. Yehia AH, Koleib MH, Abdelazim IA, Atik A. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss during and after cesarean section: a double blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Asian Pacif J Reprod 2014; 3(1):53-6.
  63. Abdel-Aleem H, Alhusaini TK, Abdel-Aleem MA, Menoufy M, Gülmezoglu A. Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on blood loss in patients undergoing elective cesarean section: randomized clinical trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26(17):1705-9.
  64. Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M, Farajkhoda T, Tafti AD. Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22(1):72-5.
  65. Sentilhes L, Daniel V, Darsonval A, Deruelle P, Vardon D, Perrotin F, et al. Study protocol. TRAAP-TRAnexamic Acid for Preventing postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15(1):135.
  66. Sahhaf F, Abbasalizadeh S, Ghojazadeh M, Velayati A, Khandanloo R, Saleh P, et al. Comparison effect of intravenous tranexamic acid and misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage. Niger Med J 2014; 55(4):348-53.
  67. Nirmala K, Zainuddin AA, Ghani NA, Zulkifli S, Jamil MA. Carbetocin versus syntometrine in prevention of post‐partum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 35(1):48-54.
  68. Leung SW, Ng PS, Wong WY, Cheung TH. A randomised trial of carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG 2006; 113(12):1459-64.
  69. Askar AA, Ismail MT, El-Ezz AA, Rabie NH. Carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of third stage of labor following vaginal delivery. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284(6):1359-65.
  70. Reyes OA, Gonzalez GM. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with severe preeclampsia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33(11):1099-104.
  71. Samimi M, Imani-Harsini A, Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi M. Carbetocin vs. syntometrine in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a double blind randomized control trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2013; 15(9):817-22.
  72. Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 8th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill; 2001.
  73. Yuen PM, Chan NS, Yim SF, Chang AM. A randomised double blind comparison of Syntometrine and Syntocinon in the management of the third stage of labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102(5):377-80.
  74. Khorshideh M, Shahriyari A. Comparison between oxytocin and syntometrin for preventing postpartum hemorrhage. J Reprod Infertil 2004; 5(1):52-61. (Persian).
  75. Tehseen F, Anwar A, Arfat Y. Intraumbilical veinous injection oxytocin in the active management of third stage of labour. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008; 18(9):551-4.
  76. Murphy DJ, MacGregor H, Munishankar B, McLeod G. A randomised controlled trial of oxytocin 5IU and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5IU and 30IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section--pilot study. ISRCTN 40302163. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 142(1):30-3.
  77. Puri M, Taneja P, Gami N, Rehan HS. Effects of different doses of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labor. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2012; 118(3):210-2.
  78. Jackson KW, Allbert JR, Schemmer GK, Elliot M, Humphrey A, Taylor J. A randomized controlled trial comparing oxytocin administration before and after placental delivery in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185(4):873-7.
  79. Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Rouse DJ, Bean CM, Chapman V, Northern A, et al. Higher-dose oxytocin and hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 119(2 Pt 1):293-300.
  80. King KJ, Douglas MJ, Unger W, Wong A, King RA. Five unit bolus oxytocin at cesarean delivery in women at risk of atony: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2010;  111(6):1460-6.
  81. Dolatian M, Shademan N. Efficacy of syntometrine, syntocinon and the physiologic approach in the management of the third stage of labor. Res Med 2003; 27(3):191-6.
  82. Ezeama CO, Eleje GU, Ezeama NN, Igwegbe AO, Ikechebelu JI, Ugboaja JO, et al. A comparison of prophylactic intramuscular ergometrine and oxytocin for women in the third stage of labor. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2014; 124(1):67-71.
  83. Choy CM, Lau WC, Tam WH, Yuen PM. A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular syntometrine and intravenous oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG 2002; 109(2):173-7.
  84. Anvaripour A, Shahryari H, Ahmadi S, Ghasemi S, Mirzaei K. Comparison the effects of oxytocin and methylergonovine in elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287(5):979-83.
  85. Çalişkan E, Meydanli MM, Dilbaz B, Aykan B, Sönmezer M, Haberal A. Is rectal misoprostol really effective in the treatment of third stage of labor? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187(4):1038-45.
  86. Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O, Yildirim G, Gungorduk OC, Besimoglu B, Ark C. Is post-partum oxygen inhalation useful for reducing vaginal blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labour? A randomised controlled study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 51(5):441-5.
  87. Chen M, Chang Q, Duan T, He J, Zhang L, Liu X. Uterine massage to reduce blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122(2 Pt 1):290-5.
  88. Abdel-Aleem H, Singata M, Abdel-Aleem M, Mshweshwe N, Williams X, Hofmeyr GJ. Uterine massage to reduce postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2010; 111(1):32-6.
  89. Gün İ, Özdamar Ö, Ertuğrul S, Öner Ö, Atay V. The effect of placental removal method on perioperative hemorrhage at cesarean delivery; a randomized clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 288(3):563-7.
  90. Deneux-Tharaux C, Sentilhes L, Maillard F, Closset E, Vardon D, Lepercq J, et al. Effect of routine controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour on postpartum haemorrhage: multicentre randomised controlled trial (TRACOR). BMJ 2013; 346:f1541.
  91. Kashanian M, Fekrat M, Masoomi Z, Sheikh Ansari N. Comparison of active and expectant management on the duration of the third stage of labour and the amount of blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labour: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2010; 26(2):241-5.
  92. Hundley VA, Avan BI, Sullivan CJ, Graham WJ. Should oral misoprostol be used to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in home‐birth settings in low‐resource countries? A systematic review of the evidence. BJOG 2013; 120(3):277-85.
  93. Westhoff G, Cotter AM, Tolosa JE. Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10:CD001808.
  94. McDonald S, Abbott JM, Higgins SP. Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 1:CD000201.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 5,657
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 2,462