1. Holmgren A. Thioredoxin. Annu Rev Biochem 1985; 54:237-271.

2. Nakamura H, Nakamura K, Yodoi J. Redox regulation of cellular activation. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:351-369.

3. Finkel T, Holbrook NJ. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 2000 9; 408:239-247.

4. Holmgren A. Thioredoxin structure and mechanism: conformational changes on oxidation of the active-site sulfhydryls to a disulfide. Structure 1995; 3:239-243.

5. Laurent TC, Moore EC, Reichard P. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. Iv. Isolation and characterization of thioredoxin, the Hydrogen donor from escherichia Coli B. J Biol Chem 1964 ; 239:3436-3444.

6. Luthman M, Eriksson S, Holmgren A, Thelander L. Glutathione-dependent hydrogen donor system for calf thymus ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:2158-2162.

7. Welsh SJ, Bellamy WT, Briehl MM, Powis G. The redox protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) increases hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha protein expression: Trx-1 overexpression results in increased vascular endothelial growth factor production and enhanced tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2002; 62:5089-5095.

8. Matthews JR, Wakasugi N, Virelizier JL, Yodoi J, Hay RT. Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF- kappa B by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:3821-3830.

9. Abate C, Patel L, Rauscher FJ, 3rd, Curran T. Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Science. 1990; 249:1157-1161.

10. Powis G, Kirkpatrick DL, Angulo M, Baker A. Thioredoxin redox control of cell growth and death and the effects of inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 111-112:23-34.

11. Powis G, Montfort WR. Properties and biological activities of thioredoxins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:261-95.

12. Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, et al. Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. Embo J 1998; 17:2596-2606.

13. Junn E, Han SH, Im JY, Yang Y, Cho EW, Um HD, et al. Vitamin D3 up-regulated protein 1 mediates oxidative stress via suppressing the thioredoxin function. J Immunol 2000; 164:6287-6295.

14.Holmgren A. Thioredoxin. VI. The amino acid sequence of the protein from Escherichia coli B. Eur J Biochem 1968; 6:475-484.

15. Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:13963-13966.

16.Eklund H, Gleason FK, Holmgren A. Structural and functional relations among thioredoxins of different species. Proteins 1991; 11:13-28.

17.Imamoto N, Kamei Y, Yoneda Y. Nuclear transport factors: function, behavior and interaction. Eur J Histochem 1998; 42:9-20.

18.Ueno M, Masutani H, Arai RJ, Yamauchi A, Hirota K, Sakai T, et al. Thioredoxin-dependent redox regulation of p53-mediated p21 activation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35809-35815.

19.Masutani H, Hirota K, Sasada T, Ueda-Taniguchi Y, Taniguchi Y, Sono H, et al. Transactivation of an inducible anti-oxidative stress protein, human thioredoxin by HTLV-I Tax. Immunol Lett 1996 ; 54:67-71.

20.Makino Y, Yoshikawa N, Okamoto K, Hirota K, Yodoi J, Makino I, et al. Direct association with thioredoxin allows redox regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function. J Biol Chem 1999 29; 274:3182-3188.

21.Ema M, Hirota K, Mimura J, Abe H, Yodoi J, Sogawa K, et al. Molecular mechanisms of transcription activation by HLF and HIF1alpha in response to hypoxia: their stabilization and redox signal-induced interaction with CBP/p300. Embo J 1999; 18:1905-1914.

22.Maruyama T, Sachi Y, Furuke K, Kitaoka Y, Kanzaki H, Yoshimura Y, et al. Induction of thioredoxin, a redox- active protein, by ovarian steroid hormones during growth and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Endocrinology 1999; 140:365-3672.

23.Nakamura H, Bai J, Nishinaka Y, Ueda S, Sasada T, Ohshio G, et al. Expression of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, redox-regulating proteins, in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2000; 24:53-60.

24.Miranda-Vizuete A, Sadek CM, Jimenez A, Krause WJ, Sutovsky P, Oko R. The mammalian testis-specific thioredoxin system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:25-40.

25.Tagaya Y, Maeda Y, Mitsui A, Kondo N, Matsui H, Hamuro J, et al. ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction. Embo J 1989; 8:757-764.

26.Rubartelli A, Bajetto A, Allavena G, Wollman E, Sitia R. Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:24161-24164.

27.Kishimoto C, Shioji K, Nakamura H, Nakayama Y, Yodoi J, Sasayama S. Serum thioredoxin (TRX) levels in patients with heart failure. Jpn Circ J 2001; 65:491-494.

28.Martinez-Pinna R, Lindholt JS, Blanco-Colio LM, Dejouvencel T, Madrigal-Matute J, Ramos-Mozo P, et al. Increased levels of thioredoxin in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). A potential link of oxidative stress with AAA evolution. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:333-338.

 29. Yamada Y, Nakamura H, Adachi T, Sannohe S, Oyamada H, Kayaba H, et al. Elevated serum levels of thioredoxin in patients with acute exacerbation of asthma. Immunol Lett 2003; 86:199-205.

30. Nakamura H, De Rosa S, Roederer M, Anderson MT, Dubs JG, Yodoi J, et al. Elevation of plasma thioredoxin levels in HIV-infected individuals. Int Immunol 1996; 8:603-611.

31. Yoshida S, Katoh T, Tetsuka T, Uno K, Matsui N, Okamoto T. Involvement of thioredoxin in rheumatoid arthritis: its costimulatory roles in the TNF-alpha-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 from cultured synovial fibroblasts. J Immunol 1999; 163:351-358.

32. Kumagai S. [ADF/thioredoxin as an indicator of oxidative stress]. Rinsho Byori 1998 ; 46:574-580.

33. Kakisaka Y, Nakashima T, Sumida Y, Yoh T, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, et al. Elevation of serum thioredoxin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34:160-164.

34. Leaver SK, MacCallum NS, Pingle V, Hacking MB, Quinlan GJ, Evans TW, et al. Increased plasma thioredoxin levels in patients with sepsis: positive association with macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:336-341.

35. Zhang XY, Chen da C, Xiu MH, Wang F, Qi LY, Sun HQ, et al. The novel oxidative stress marker thioredoxin is increased in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 2009; 113:151-157.

36. Miyazaki K, Noda N, Okada S, Hagiwara Y, Miyata M, Sakurabayashi I, et al. Elevated serum level of thioredoxin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Biotherapy 1998; 11:277-288.

37. Nakamura H, De Rosa SC, Yodoi J, Holmgren A, Ghezzi P, Herzenberg LA, et al. Chronic elevation of plasma thioredoxin: inhibition of chemotaxis and curtailment of life expectancy in AIDS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A  2001; 98:2688-2693.

38. Nakashima T, Sumida Y, Furutani M, Hirohama A, Okita M, Mitsuyoshi H, et al. Elevation of serum thioredoxin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res 2005; 33:135-137.

39. Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, Nakajima Y, Ishikawa H, Mitsuyoshi H, et al. Serum thioredoxin levels as an indicator of oxidative stress in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2000; 33:616-622.

40. Miyamoto S, Kawano H, Sakamoto T, Soejima H, Kajiwara I, Hokamaki J, et al. Increased plasma levels of thioredoxin in patients with coronary spastic angina. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:75-80.

41. Shioji K, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Yodoi J. Redox regulation by thioredoxin in cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2003; 5:795-802.

42. Bertini R, Howard OM, Dong HF, Oppenheim JJ, Bizzarri C, Sergi R, et al. Thioredoxin, a redox enzyme released in infection and inflammation, is a unique chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1783-1289.

43. Gasdaska JR, Berggren M, Powis G. Cell growth stimulation by the redox protein thioredoxin occurs by a novel helper mechanism. Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6:1643-1650.

44. Pekkari K, Gurunath R, Arner ES, Holmgren A. Truncated thioredoxin is a mitogenic cytokine for resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and is present in human plasma. J Biol Chem 2000 ; 275:37474-37480.

45. Silberstein DS, Ali MH, Baker SL, David JR. Human eosinophil cytotoxicity-enhancing factor. Purification, physical characteristics, and partial amino acid sequence of an active polypeptide. J Immunol 1989; 143:979-983.

46. Bizzarri C, Holmgren A, Pekkari K, Chang G, Colotta F, Ghezzi P, et al. Requirements for the different cysteines in the chemotactic and desensitizing activity of human thioredoxin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1189-1194.

47. Pekkari K, Holmgren A. Truncated thioredoxin: physiological functions and mechanism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004;6:53-61.

48. Wiita AP, Perez-Jimenez R, Walther KA, Grater F, Berne BJ, Holmgren A, et al. Probing the chemistry of thioredoxin catalysis with force. Nature 2007; 450:124-127.

49. Kim YC, Masutani H, Yamaguchi Y, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Yodoi J. Hemin-induced activation of the thioredoxin gene by Nrf2. A differential regulation of the antioxidant responsive element by a switch of its binding factors. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18399-18406.

50. Taniguchi Y, Taniguchi-Ueda Y, Mori K, Yodoi J. A novel promoter sequence is involved in the oxidative stress- induced expression of the adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor (ADF)/human thioredoxin (Trx) gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:2746-2752.

51. Leppa S, Pirkkala L, Chow SC, Eriksson JE, Sistonen L. Thioredoxin is transcriptionally induced upon activation of heat shock factor 2. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30400-30404.

52. Kaghad M, Dessarps F, Jacquemin-Sablon H, Caput D, Fradelizi D, Wollman EE. Genomic cloning of human thioredoxin-encoding gene: mapping of the transcription start point and analysis of the promoter. Gene 1994; 140:273-278.

53. Das KC, Guo XL, White CW. Induction of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase gene expression in lungs of newborn primates by oxygen. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:L530-539.

54. Higashikubo A, Tanaka N, Noda N, Maeda I, Yagi K, Mizoguchi T, et al. Increase in thioredoxin activity of intestinal epithelial cells mediated by oxidative stress. Biol Pharm Bull 1999; 22:900-903.

 55. Berggren M, Gallegos A, Gasdaska JR, Gasdaska PY, Warneke J, Powis G. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase gene expression in human tumors and cell lines, and the effects of serum stimulation and hypoxia. Anticancer Res 1996; 16:3459-3466.

56. Ejima K, Koji T, Nanri H, Kashimura M, Ikeda M. Expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in placentae of pregnant mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Placenta 1999; 20:561-566.

57. Hoshi Y, Tanooka H, Miyazaki K, Wakasugi H. Induction of thioredoxin in human lymphocytes with low-dose ionizing radiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1359:65-70.

58. Ungerstedt JS, Sowa Y, Xu WS, Shao Y, Dokmanovic M, Perez G, et al. Role of thioredoxin in the response of normal and transformed cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:673-678.

59. Ago T, Sadoshima J. Thioredoxin1 as a negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. Antioxid Redox Signal  2007; 9:679-687.

60. Haendeler J, Popp R, Goy C, Tischler V, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Cathepsin D and H2O2 stimulate degradation of thioredoxin-1: implication for endothelial cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42945-42951.

61. Butler LM, Zhou X, Xu WS, Scher HI, Rifkind RA, Marks PA, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA arrests cancer cell growth, up-regulates thioredoxin-binding protein-2, and down-regulates thioredoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11700-1175.

62. Tanito M, Nakamura H, Kwon YW, Teratani A, Masutani H, Shioji K, et al. Enhanced oxidative stress and impaired thioredoxin expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:89-97.

63. Zhong L, Arner ES, Holmgren A. Structure and mechanism of mammalian thioredoxin reductase: the active site is a redox-active selenolthiol/selenenylsulfide formed from the conserved cysteine-selenocysteine sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5854-5859.

64. Zhong L, Arner ES, Ljung J, Aslund F, Holmgren A. Rat and calf thioredoxin reductase are homologous to glutathione reductase with a carboxyl-terminal elongation containing a conserved catalytically active penultimate selenocysteine residue. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:8581-8591.

65. Gasdaska PY, Gasdaska JR, Cochran S, Powis G. Cloning and sequencing of a human thioredoxin reductase. FEBS Lett 1995; 373:5-9.

66. Lee SR, Kim JR, Kwon KS, Yoon HW, Levine RL, Ginsburg A, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a mitochondrial selenocysteine-containing thioredoxin reductase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4722-4734.

67. Sun QA, Kirnarsky L, Sherman S, Gladyshev VN. Selenoprotein oxidoreductase with specificity for thioredoxin and glutathione systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3673-3678.

68. Sun QA, Wu Y, Zappacosta F, Jeang KT, Lee BJ, Hatfield DL, et al. Redox regulation of cell signaling by selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductases. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:24522-24530.

69. Engstrom NE, Holmgren A, Larsson A, Soderhall S. Isolation and characterization of calf liver thioredoxin. J Biol Chem 1974; 249:205-210.

70. Ren X, Björnstedt M, Shen B, Ericson ML, Holmgren A. Mutagenesis of structural half-cystine residues in human thioredoxin and effects on the regulation of activity by selenodiglutathione. Biochemistry 1993; 32:9701-9708.

71. Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR. Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. Structure 1996; 4:735-751.

72. Holmgren A. Bovine thioredoxin system. Purification of thioredoxin reductase from calf liver and thymus and studies of its function in disulfide reduction. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:4600-4606.

73. Gasdaska JR, Kirkpatrick DL, Montfort W, Kuperus M, Hill SR, Berggren M, et al. Oxidative inactivation of thioredoxin as a cellular growth factor and protection by a Cys73-->Ser mutation. Biochem Pharmacol   1996; 52:1741-1747.

74. Hashemy SI, Holmgren A. Regulation of the catalytic activity and structure of human thioredoxin 1 via oxidation and S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21890-21898.

75. Luthman M, Holmgren A. Rat liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: purification and characterization. Biochemistry 1982; 21:6628-66233.

76. Watson WH, Pohl J, Montfort WR, Stuchlik O, Reed MS, Powis G, et al. Redox potential of human thioredoxin 1 and identification of a second dithiol/disulfide motif. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:33408-33415.

77. Cotgreave IA, Gerdes RG. Recent trends in glutathione biochemistry--glutathione-protein interactions: a molecular link between oxidative stress and cell proliferation? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 242:1-9.

78. Casagrande S, Bonetto V, Fratelli M, Gianazza E, Eberini I, Massignan T, et al. Glutathionylation of human thioredoxin: a possible crosstalk between the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:9745-9749.

79. Michelet L, Zaffagnini M, Marchand C, Collin V, Decottignies P, Tsan P, et al. Glutathionylation of chloroplast thioredoxin f is a redox signaling mechanism in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 ; 102:16478-16483.

80. Haendeler J, Hoffmann J, Tischler V, Berk BC, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Redox regulatory and anti-apoptotic functions of thioredoxin depend on S-nitrosylation at cysteine 69. Nat Cell Biol 2002 ; 4:743-749.

81. Mitchell DA, Marletta MA. Thioredoxin catalyzes the S-nitrosation of the caspase-3 active site cysteine. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1:154-158.

82. Mitchell DA, Morton SU, Fernhoff NB, Marletta MA. Thioredoxin is required for S-nitrosation of procaspase-3 and the inhibition of apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 ; 104:11609-11614.

83. Stoyanovsky DA, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Anand D, Mandavia DN, Gius D, et al. Thioredoxin and lipoic acid catalyze the denitrosation of low molecular weight and protein S-nitrosothiols. J Am Chem Soc  2005; 127:15815- 15823.

84. Wu C, Liu T, Chen W, Oka S, Fu C, Jain MR, et al. Redox regulatory mechanism of transnitrosylation by thioredoxin. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2262-2275.

85. Benhar M, Thompson JW, Moseley MA, Stamler JS. Identification of S-Nitrosylated targets of thioredoxin using a quantitative proteomic approach. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6963-6969.

86. Nikitovic D, Holmgren A. S-nitrosoglutathione is cleaved by the thioredoxin system with liberation of glutathione and redox regulating nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:19180-19115.

87. Sengupta R, Ryter SW, Zuckerbraun BS, Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Stoyanovsky DA. Thioredoxin catalyzes the denitrosation of low-molecular mass and protein S-nitrosothiols. Biochemistry 2007 ; 46:8472-8483.

88.  Weichsel  A,  Brailey  JL,  Montfort  WR.  Buried  S-nitrosocysteine  revealed  in  crystal  structures  of  human thioredoxin. Biochemistry 2007; 46:1219-1227.

89. Weichsel A, Kem M, Montfort WR. Crystal structure of human thioredoxin revealing an unraveled helix and exposed S-nitrosation site. Protein Sci  2010; 19:1801-1806.

90. Hashemy SI, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in cellular thiol redox homeostasis. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:S7-S.

91. Hashemy SI, Johansson C, Berndt C, Lillig CH, Holmgren A. Oxidation and S-nitrosylation of cysteines in human cytosolic and mitochondrial glutaredoxins: effects on structure and activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14428-14436.

92. Tao L, Jiao X, Gao E, Lau WB, Yuan Y, Lopez B, et al. Nitrative inactivation of thioredoxin-1 and its role in postischemic myocardial apoptosis. Circulation 2006; 114:1395-13402.

93. Yin T, Hou R, Liu S, Lau WB, Wang H, Tao L. Nitrative inactivation of thioredoxin-1 increases vulnerability of diabetic hearts to ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:354-361.

94. Zhang H,Tao L, Jiao X, Gao E, Lopez BL, Christopher TA, et al. Nitrative thioredoxin inactivation as a cause of enhanced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in the aging heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:39-47.

95. Park YS, Fujiwara N, Koh YH, Miyamoto Y, Suzuki K, Honke K, et al. Induction of thioredoxin reductase gene expression by peroxynitrite in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol Chem 2002; 383:683-691.

96. Yuan Y, Jiao X, Lau WB, Wang Y, Christopher TA, Lopez BL, et al. Thioredoxin glycation: A novel post- translational modification that inhibits its antioxidant and organ protective actions. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:332-338.

97. Mossner E, Huber-Wunderlich M, Glockshuber R. Characterization of Escherichia coli thioredoxin variants mimicking the active-sites of other thiol/disulfide oxidoreductases. Protein Sci 1998; 7:1233-1244.

98. Nordberg J, Arner ES. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Dec 1; 31:1287-312.

99. Tonissen KF, Di Trapani G. Thioredoxin system inhibitors as mediators of apoptosis for cancer therapy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:87-103.

100. Lincoln DT, Ali Emadi EM, Tonissen KF, Clarke FM. The thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system: over- expression in human cancer. Anticancer Res 2003; 23:2425-2433.

101. Valdman A, Haggarth L, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Ekman P, et al. Expression of redox pathway enzymes in human prostatic tissue. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31:367-374.

102. Lincoln DT, Al-Yatama F, Mohammed FM, Al-Banaw AG, Al-Bader M, Burge M, et al. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase expression in thyroid cancer depends on tumour aggressiveness. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:767-775.

103. Kakolyris S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis M, Powis G, Souglakos J, Sivridis E, et al. Thioredoxin expression is associated with lymph node status and prognosis in early operable non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:3087-3091.

104. Raffel J, Bhattacharyya AK, Gallegos A, Cui H, Einspahr JG, Alberts DS, et al. Increased expression of thioredoxin-1 in human colorectal cancer is associated with decreased patient survival. J Lab Clin Med 2003; 142:46-51.

105. Zhou FL, Zhang WG, Wei YC, Meng S, Bai GG, Wang BY, et al. Involvement of oxidative stress in the relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15010-15015.

106. Yoo MH, Xu XM, Carlson BA, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL. Thioredoxin reductase 1 deficiency reverses tumor phenotype and tumorigenicity of lung carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13005-13008.

107. Yokomizo A, Ono M, Nanri H, Makino Y, Ohga T, Wada M, et al. Cellular levels of thioredoxin associated with drug sensitivity to cisplatin, mitomycin C, doxorubicin, and etoposide. Cancer Res 1995; 55:4293-4296.

 108. Kawahara N, Tanaka T, Yokomizo A, Nanri H, Ono M, Wada M, et al. Enhanced coexpression of thioredoxin and high mobility group protein 1 genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma and the possible association with decreased sensitivity to cisplatin. Cancer Res 1996; 56:5330-5333.

109. Sasada T, Nakamura H, Ueda S, Sato N, Kitaoka Y, Gon Y, et al. Possible involvement of thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin in cellular sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Free Radic Biol Med   1999; 27:504-514.

110. Wang J, Kobayashi M, Sakurada K, Imamura M, Moriuchi T, Hosokawa M. Possible roles of an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)-derived factor/thioredoxin in the drug resistance of ATL to adriamycin. Blood 1997; 89:2480- 2487.

111. Kim SJ, Miyoshi Y, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, et al. High thioredoxin expression is associated with resistance to docetaxel in primary breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005 ; 11:8425-8430.

112. Urig S, Becker K. On the potential of thioredoxin reductase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2006; 16:452-465

113. Nguyen P, Awwad RT, Smart DD, Spitz DR, Gius D. Thioredoxin reductase as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2006; 236:164-174.

114. Arner ES, Bjornstedt M, Holmgren A. 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is an irreversible inhibitor of human thioredoxin reductase. Loss of thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity is accompanied by a large increase in NADPH oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3479-3482.

115. Nordberg J, Zhong L, Holmgren A, Arner ES. Mammalian thioredoxin reductase is irreversibly inhibited by dinitrohalobenzenes by alkylation of both the redox active selenocysteine and its neighboring cysteine residue. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:10835-10342.

116. Fang J, Lu J, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin reductase is irreversibly modified by curcumin: a novel molecular mechanism for its anticancer activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25284-25290.

117. Young SW, Qing F, Harriman A, Sessler JL, Dow WC, Mody TD, et al. Gadolinium(III) texaphyrin: a tumor selective radiation sensitizer that is detectable by MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6610-6615.

118. Hashemy SI, Ungerstedt JS, Zahedi Avval F, Holmgren A. Motexafin gadolinium, a tumor-selective drug targeting thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. J Biol Chem 2006 ; 281:10691-10697.

119. Becker K, Gromer S, Schirmer RH, Muller S. Thioredoxin reductase as a pathophysiological factor and drug target. Eur J Biochem 2000; 267:6118-6125.

120. Schallreuter KU, Gleason FK, Wood JM. The mechanism of action of the nitrosourea anti-tumor drugs on thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1054:14- 20.

121. Mau BL, Powis G. Mechanism-based inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by antitumor quinoid compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:1613-1620.

122. Gromer S, Schirmer RH, Becker K. The 58 kDa mouse selenoprotein is a BCNU-sensitive thioredoxin reductase. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:318-320.

123. Urig S, Fritz-Wolf K, Reau R, Herold-Mende C, Toth K, Davioud-Charvet E, et al. Undressing of phosphine gold (I) complexes as irreversible inhibitors of human disulfide reductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl   2006; 45:1881-1886.

124. Lu J, Chew E-H, Holmgren A. Targeting thioredoxin reductase is a basis for cancer therapy by arsenic trioxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007; 104:12288-12293.

125. Engman L, Al-Maharik N, McNaughton M, Birmingham A, Powis G. Thioredoxin reductase and cancer cell growth inhibition by organotellurium antioxidants. Anticancer Drugs? 2003; 14:153-161.

126. Schallreuter KU, Wood JM. Azelaic acid as a competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase in human melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 1987; 36:297-305.

127. Shi C, Yu L, Yang F, Yan J, Zeng H. A novel organoselenium compound induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:578-583.

128. Wang X, Zhang J, Xu T.Thioredoxin reductase inactivation as a pivotal mechanism of ifosfamide in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol  2008;579:66-73.

129. Wang X, Zhang J, Xu T. Cyclophosphamide as a potent inhibitor of tumor thioredoxin reductase in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 2007; 218:88-95.

130. Lin S, Cullen WR, Thomas DJ. Methylarsenicals and arsinothiols are potent inhibitors of mouse liver thioredoxin reductase. Chem Res Toxicol 1999; 12:924-930.

131. Cenas N, Prast S, Nivinskas H, Sarlauskas J, Arner ES. Interactions of nitroaromatic compounds with the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase and the relation to induction of apoptosis in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:5593-5603.

132. Cenas N, Nivinskas H, Anusevicius Z, Sarlauskas J, Lederer F, Arner ES. Interactions of quinones with thioredoxin reductase: a challenge to the antioxidant role of the mammalian selenoprotein. J Biol Chem   2004; 279:2583-2592.

133. Du YT, Wu YF, Cao XL, Cui W, Zhang HH, Tian WX, et al. Inhibition of mammalian thioredoxin reductase by black tea and its constituents: Implications for anticancer actions. Biochimie 2009; 91:434-444.

134. Lu J, Papp LV, Fang J, Rodriguez-Nieto S, Zhivotovsky B, et al. Inhibition of Mammalian thioredoxin reductase by some flavonoids: implications for myricetin and quercetin anticancer activity. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4410-4418.

135. Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Scutari G, Gabbiani C, Casini A, Messori L. Thioredoxin reductase: A target for gold compounds acting as potential anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2009; 253:1692-1707.

136. Gromer S, Arscott LD, Williams CH, Schirmer RH, Becker K. Human placenta thioredoxin reductase. Isolation of the selenoenzyme, steady state kinetics, and inhibition by therapeutic gold compounds. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:20096-20101.

137. Wataha JC, Lewis JB, McCloud VV, Shaw M, Omata Y, Lockwood PE, et al. Effect of mercury (II) on Nrf2, thioredoxin reductase-1 and thioredoxin-1 in human monocytes. Dent Mater 2008 ;24:765-72.

138. Carvalho CML, Chew EH, Hashemy SI, Lu J, Holmgren A. Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system-A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:11913-11923.

139. Wagner C, Sudati JH, Nogueira CW, Rocha JB. In vivo and in vitro inhibition of mice thioredoxin reductase by methylmercury. Biometals 2010.

140. Carvalho CM, Lu J, Zhang X, Arner ES, Holmgren A. Effects of selenite and chelating agents on mammalian thioredoxin reductase inhibited by mercury: implications for treatment of mercury poisoning. FASEB J 2011; 25:370-381.

141. Pia Rigobello M, Messori L, Marcon G, Agostina Cinellu M, Bragadin M, Folda A, et al. Gold complexes inhibit mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase: consequences on mitochondrial functions. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:1634-1641.

142. Welsh SJ, Williams RR, Birmingham A, Newman DJ, Kirkpatrick DL, Powis G. The thioredoxin redox inhibitors 1-methylpropyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide and pleurotin inhibit hypoxia-induced factor 1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor formation. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2:235-243.

143. Hoshino T, Nakamura H, Okamoto M, Kato S, Araya S, Nomiyama K, et al. Redox-active protein thioredoxin prevents proinflammatory cytokine- or bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:1075- 1083.

144. Hattori I, Takagi Y, Nakamura H, Nozaki K, Bai J, Kondo N, et al. Intravenous administration of thioredoxin decreases brain damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:81-87.

145. Liu W, Nakamura H, Shioji K, Tanito M, Oka S, Ahsan MK, et al. Thioredoxin-1 ameliorates myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis by suppressing chemokine expressions and leukocyte chemotaxis in mice. Circulation 2004; 110:1276-1283.

146. Aota M, Matsuda K, Isowa N, Wada H, Yodoi J, Ban T. Protection against reperfusion-induced arrhythmias by human thioredoxin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 27:727-732.

147. Tao L, Gao E, Hu A, Coletti C, Wang Y, Christopher TA, et al. Thioredoxin reduces post-ischemic myocardial apoptosis by reducing oxidative/nitrative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:311-318.

148. Ago T, Sadoshima J. Thioredoxin and ventricular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 41:762-773

149. Samuel SM, Thirunavukkarasu M, Penumathsa SV, Koneru S, Zhan L, Maulik G, et al. Thioredoxin-1 gene therapy enhances angiogenic signaling and reduces ventricular remodeling in infarcted myocardium of diabetic rats. Circulation 2010; 121:1244-1255.