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Babazadeh, Towhid, Abbasi, Madineh, Ranjbaran, Soheila. (1404). Cognitive Factors and Health Literacy as Determinants of Pap smear Screening among Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study. , 11(1), 111-122. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2025.87745.1762
Towhid Babazadeh; Madineh Abbasi; Soheila Ranjbaran. "Cognitive Factors and Health Literacy as Determinants of Pap smear Screening among Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study". , 11, 1, 1404, 111-122. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2025.87745.1762
Babazadeh, Towhid, Abbasi, Madineh, Ranjbaran, Soheila. (1404). 'Cognitive Factors and Health Literacy as Determinants of Pap smear Screening among Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study', , 11(1), pp. 111-122. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2025.87745.1762
Babazadeh, Towhid, Abbasi, Madineh, Ranjbaran, Soheila. Cognitive Factors and Health Literacy as Determinants of Pap smear Screening among Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study. , 1404; 11(1): 111-122. doi: 10.22038/jhl.2025.87745.1762

Cognitive Factors and Health Literacy as Determinants of Pap smear Screening among Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Health Literacy
مقاله 7، دوره 11، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 40، فروردین 2026، صفحه 111-122    اصل مقاله (418.41 K)
نوع مقاله: Original Article
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22038/jhl.2025.87745.1762
نویسندگان
Towhid Babazadeh1، 2؛ Madineh Abbasi3؛ Soheila Ranjbaran* 4
1Department of Health and Basic Sciences, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
2Student Research Committee, Department of Health and Basic Sciences, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
3Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
4Department of Health and Basic Sciences, Sarab Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sarab, East Azerbaijan, Iran
چکیده
Background and Objectives: Pap smear screening is one of the most effective methods for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer in women, thereby preventing complications. Hence, this research aimed to investigate cognitive factors and health literacy as determinants of Pap smear screening among married women.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted between June to October 2023 in Sarab, Iran. Multistage cluster sampling was used to recruitment of 259 participants. The inclusion criteria were women who were not pregnant, had been married for at least three years and had given their consent to participate in this study. The city of Sarab includes four health centers, each of which was considered as a cluster. To measure the data, valid and reliable instruments of Health Literacy (HL) for Iranian Adults (HELIA), Perceived barriers and Self-efficacy as cognitive factors were used. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: According to the results, significant differences in the Pap smear screening behavior by age groups (p-value < 0.001), history of urinary infection (p-value < 0.001) and number of children (p-value = 0.020). The differences in Pap smear screening by perceived barriers as cognitive factor was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed two variables with significant odds ratios. The participants who perceived fewer barriers (OR= 0.867; 95% CI = 0.819, 0.917), and higher level of self-efficacy (OR= 0.941; 95% CI= 890, 0.995) to perform the test were more likely to have a Pap smear screening in the previous three years. 

Conclusion: According to the results, it is suggested to health care providers focus on these factors to design the intervention programs in health centers in order to Pap smear screening behavior for married women based on cognitive factors including perceived barriers, self-efficacy and HL
کلیدواژه‌ها
Cognitive Factors؛ Health Literacy؛ Pap smear Screening؛ Iran
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