| Cartilage degeneration remains a global challenge, driving innovation in repair strategies. Traditional approaches such as autografts and stem cell therapies face limitations in efficacy and translation. Recent advances, including 3D bioprinting, engineered exosomes, and smart biomaterials, offer promise for personalized, minimally invasive treatments. Although early clinical results are encouraging, significant hurdles in safety, standardization, and long-term efficacy persist. Realizing transformative care requires continued rigorous research, clinical validation, and regulatory clarity to move from hope to genuine regeneration. |
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