1. Kiamba JM. Women and leadership positions: Social and cultural barriers to success. Wagadu
Volume 6 Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 10: 1. 2009:89.
2. Pounders K. Are portrayals of female beauty in advertising finally changing? Journal of
Advertising Research. 2018;58(2):133-7.
3. Landau MJ, Goldenberg JL, Greenberg J, Gillath O, Solomon S, Cox C, et al. The siren's call:
Terror management and the threat of men's sexual attraction to women. Journal of personality
and social psychology.129:)1(90;2006 .
4. Fisher K, Funke J. The Age of Attraction: Age, Gender and the History of Modern Male
Homosexuality. Gender & history. 2019;31(2):266.
5. Gough B, Hall M, Seymour-Smith S. Straight guys do wear make-up: Contemporary
masculinities and investment in appearance. Debating modern masculinities: Change,
continuity, crisis?: Springer; 2014. p. 106-24.
6. Johnson M. The meaning of the body: Psychology Press; 2007.
7. Zila LM, Kiselica MS. Understanding and counseling self‐ mutilation in female adolescents and
young adults. Journal of Counseling & Development. 2001;79(1):46-52.
8. Dittmar H. Introduction to the special issue: Body image—vulnerability factors and processes
linking sociocultural pressures and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical
Psychology. 2005;24(8):1081-7.
9. Myers TA, Crowther JH. Social comparison as a predictor of body dissatisfaction: A metaanalytic review. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2009;118(4):683.
10. Jávo IM. Psychosocial predictors of an interest in cosmetic surgery: based on a population study
of young Norwegian women: University of Tromsø; 2012.
11. Babaiefard A, Yoosefifar T, Amjadi Z. Social factors affecting women's tendency to body
management in Qom. Journal of Iranian Cultural Research. 20.119-45:)4(13;20
12. Merchant KM, Kurz KM. Women’s nutrition through the life cycle: social and biological
vulnerabilities. the Health of Women: Routledge; 2018. p. 63-90.
13. Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics JR. Relationship of subjective and objective social
status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White
women. Health psychology. 2000;19(6):586.
14. Klepp IG, Storm-Mathisen A. Reading fashion as age: Teenage girls' and grown women's
accounts of clothing as body and social status. Fashion Theory. 2005;9(3):323-42.
Ghasemi A. A Qualitative Study of Women's Attitudes and Perceptions towards their Body.
Journal of Applied Sociology. 2017;28(4):173-94.
15. Mahmoodi Y, Mohadessi Ghilovaei H. A sociological study of body industry: Qualitative study
of the causes and consequences of cosmetic surgery of women living in Tehran 1395. Women in
Development & Politics. 2017;15(4):523-47.
Rudd NA, Lennon SJ. Body image and appearance-management behaviors in college women.
Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. 2000;18(3):152-62.
16. Farhud DD. Impact of lifestyle on health. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(11):1442.
17. Farley M. Prostitution harms women even if indoors: Reply to Weitzer. Violence against women.
2005;11(7):950-64.
18. Zavydivska O, Zavydivska N, Khanikiants O. Self-management as a condition for creating a
health culture among students. 2016.
19. Ciochină R. Advertising the body: Feminine and masculine beauty. Analele Universităţii Spiru Haret
Seria Jurnalism. 2013;14(2):26-32.