Adams J, Nassiri M. 2015. Acute
promyelocytic leukemia: a review and
discussion of variant translocations. Arch
Pathol Lab Med, 139: 1308-1313.
Alonso-Castro AJ, Ortiz-Sánchez E, GarcíaRegalado A, Ruiz G, Núñez-Martínez JM,
González-Sánchez I, Quintanar-Jurado V,
Morales-Sánchez E, Dominguez F and
López-Toledo G. 2013. Kaempferitrin
induces apoptosis via intrinsic pathway in
HeLa cells and exerts antitumor effects. J
Ethnopharmacol, 145: 476-489.
Benyahia S, Benayache S, Benayache F,
Quintana J, López M, León F, Hernández
JC, Estévez F and Bermejo J. 2004.
Isolation from eucalyptus o ccidentalis and
identification of a new Kaempferol
EGCG and kaempherol's effects in APL
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 4, Jul-Aug 2021 321
derivative that induces apoptosis in human
myeloid leukemia cells. J Nat Prod, 67:
527-531.
Cardinale L, Asteggiano F, Moretti F, Torre F,
Ulisciani S, Fava C and Rege-Cambrin G.
2014. Pathophysiology, clinical features
and radiological findings of differentiation
syndrome/all-trans-retinoic acid syndrome.
World J Radiol, 6: 583-588.
Chung SY, Jang DS, Han AR, Jang JO, Kwon
Y, Seo EK, Lee HJ. 2007. Modulation of
P‐ glycoprotein‐ mediated resistance by
kaempferol derivatives isolated from
Zingiber zerumbet. Phytother Res, 21: 565-
569.
Da J, Xu M, Wang Y, Li W, Lu M and Wang Z.
2019. Kaempferol promotes apoptosis
while inhibiting cell proliferation via
androgen-dependent pathway and
suppressing vasculogenic mimicry and
invasion in prostate cancer. Anal Cell
Pathol, 2019: 1-10.
El-Kott A, Shati A, Al-Kahtani M, Alharbi S.
2020. Kaempferol induces cell death in
A2780 ovarian cancer cells and increases
their sensitivity to cisplatin by activation of
cytotoxic endoplasmic reticulum-mediated
autophagy and inhibition of protein kinase
B. Folia Biol, 66: 36-46.
Gupta S, Hussain T, Mukhtar H. 2003.
Molecular pathway for (−)-
epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced cell
cycle arrest and apoptosis of human
prostate carcinoma cells. Arch Biochem
Biophys, 410: 177-185.
Gyemant N, Tanaka M, Antus S, Hohmann J,
Csuka O, Mandoky L, Molnár J. 2005. In
vitro search for synergy between flavonoids
and epirubicin on multidrug-resistant
cancer cells. In vivo, 19: 367-374.
Hosseini A, Ghorbani A. 2015. Cancer therapy
with phytochemicals: evidence from
clinical studies. Avicenna J Phytomed, 5:
84-97.
Kanadaswami C, Lee L-T, Lee P-PH, Hwang JJ, Ke F-C, Huang Y-T, Lee M-T. 2005. The
antitumor activities of flavonoids. In Vivo,
19: 895-909.
Kang HJ, Youn Y-K, Hong M-K, Kim LS.
2011. Antiproliferation and
redifferentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines
by polyphenol phytochemicals. J Korean
Med Sci, 26: 893-899.
Kashafi E, Moradzadeh M, Mohamadkhani A,
Erfanian S. 2017. Kaempferol increases
apoptosis in human cervical cancer HeLa
cells via PI3K/AKT and telomerase
pathways. Biomed Pharmacother , 89: 573-
577.
Khan N, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. 2010.
Apoptosis by dietary agents for prevention
and treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr
Relat Cancer, 17: R39-R52.
Kitagawa S, Nabekura T, Takahashi T,
Nakamura Y, Sakamoto H, Tano H, Hirai
M, Tsukahara G. 2005. Structure–activity
relationships of the inhibitory effects of
flavonoids on P-glycoprotein-mediated
transport in KB-C2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull,
28: 2274-2278.
Kuete V, Ango PY, Yeboah SO, Mbaveng AT,
Mapitse R, Kapche GD, Ngadjui BT and
Efferth T. 2014. Cytotoxicity of four
Aframomum species (A. arundinaceum, A.
alboviolaceum, A. kayserianum and A.
polyanthum) towards multi-factorial drug
resistant cancer cell lines. BMC
Complement Altern Med, 14: 340-347.
Li M, Liu J-T, Pang X-M, Han C-J, Mao J-J.
2012. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits
angiotensin II and interleukin-6-induced Creactive protein production in
macrophages. Pharmacol Rep, 64: 912-
918.
Limtrakul P, Khantamat O, Pintha K. 2005.
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein function and
expression by kaempferol and quercetin. J
Chemother, 17: 86-95.
Luo H, Daddysman MK, Rankin GO, Jiang BH, Chen YC. 2010. Kaempferol enhances
cisplatin's effect on ovarian cancer cells
through promoting apoptosis caused by
down regulation of cMyc. Cancer Cell Int,
10: 1-9.
Luo H, Rankin GO, Li Z, DePriest L, Chen YC.
2011. Kaempferol induces apoptosis in
Jokar et al.
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 4, Jul-Aug 2021 322
ovarian cancer cells through activating p53
in the intrinsic pathway. Food chem, 128:
513-519.
Ly BTK, Chi HT, Yamagishi M, Kano Y, Hara
Y, Nakano K, Sato Y, Watanabe T. 2013.
Inhibition of FLT3 expression by green tea
catechins in FLT3 mutated-AML cells.
PLoS One, 8: e66378.
Lyn-Cook BD, Rogers T, Yan Y, Blann EB,
Kadlubar FF, Hammons GJ. 1999.
Chemopreventive effects of tea extracts and
various components on human pancreatic
and prostate tumor cells in vitro. Nutr
Cancer, 35: 80-86.
Mashkani B, Tanipour MH, Saadatmandzadeh
M, Ashman LK, Griffith R. 2016. FMS-like
tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors:
Molecular docking and experimental
studies. Eur J Pharmacol, 776: 156-166.
Mei Y, Wei D, Liu J. 2005. Reversal of
multidrug resistance in KB cells with tea
polyphenol antioxidant capacity. Cancer
Biol Ther, 4: 474-479.
Moradzadeh M, Hosseini A, Erfanian S, Rezaei
H. 2017. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
promotes apoptosis in human breast cancer
T47D cells through down-regulation of
PI3K/AKT and Telomerase. Pharmacol
Rep, 69: 924-928.
Moradzadeh M, Roustazadeh A, Tabarraei A,
Erfanian S, Sahebkar A. 2018.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate enhances
differentiation of acute promyelocytic
leukemia cells via inhibition of PML‐RAR
α and HDAC1. Phytother Res, 32: 471-
479.
Moradzadeh M, Sadeghnia HR, Tabarraei A,
Sahebkar A. 2017. Anti-tumor effects of
crocetin and related molecular targets. J
Cell Physiol, 233: 2170-2182.
Moradzadeh M, Tabarraei A, Sadeghnia HR,
Ghorbani A, Mohamadkhani A, Erfanian S,
Sahebkar A. 2018. Kaempferol increases
apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic
leukemia cells and inhibits multidrug
resistance genes. J of cell biochem, 119:
2288-2297.
Nakamura Y, Chang C-C, Mori T, Sato K,
Ohtsuki K, Upham BL and Trosko JE.
2005. Augmentation of differentiation and
gap junction function by kaempferol in
partially differentiated colon cancer cells.
Carcinogenesis, 26: 665-671.
Nowakowska A, Tarasiuk J. 2016. Comparative
effects of selected plant polyphenols, gallic
acid and epigallocatechin gallate, on matrix
metalloproteinases activity in multidrug
resistant MCF7/DOX breast cancer cells.
Acta Biochim Pol, 63: 571-575.
Ouyang L, Shi Z, Zhao S, Wang FT, Zhou TT,
Liu B, Bao JK. 2012. Programmed cell
death pathways in cancer: a review of
apoptosis, autophagy and programmed
necrosis. Cell proliferation, 45: 487-498.
Pal D, Mitra AK. 2006. MDR-and CYP3A4-
mediated drug–herbal interactions. Life sci,
78: 2131-2145.
Pallis M, Turzanski J, Higashi Y, Russell N.
2002. P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid
leukaemia: therapeutic implications of its
association with both a multidrug-resistant
and an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. Leuk
Lymphoma, 43: 1221-1228.
Pfaffl MW. 2006. Relative quantification. Realtime PCR, 63: 63-82.
Pitha-Rowe I, Petty W, Kitareewan S,
Dmitrovsky E. 2003. Retinoid target genes
in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Leukemia, 17: 1723-1730.
Qian F, Wei D, Zhang Q, Yang S. 2005.
Modulation of P-glycoprotein function and
reversal of multidrug resistance by (–)-
epigallocatechin gallate in human cancer
cells. Biomed Pharmacother, 59: 64-69.
Rangarajan P, Subramaniam D, Paul S, Kwatra
D, Palaniyandi K, Islam S, Harihar S,
Ramalingam S, Gutheil W, Putty S. 2015.
Crocetinic acid inhibits hedgehog signaling
to inhibit pancreatic cancer stem cells.
Oncotarget, 6: 27661-27673.
Santos BL, Oliveira MN, Coelho PL, Pitanga
BP, da Silva AB, Adelita T, Silva VDA, de
FD Costa M, El-Bachá RS, Tardy M. 2015.
Flavonoids suppress human glioblastoma
cell growth by inhibiting cell metabolism,
EGCG and kaempherol's effects in APL
AJP, Vol. 11, No. 4, Jul-Aug 2021 323
migration, and by regulating extracellular
matrix proteins and metalloproteinases
expression. Chem Biol Interact, 242: 123-
138.
Shaffer BC, Gillet J-P, Patel C, Baer MR, Bates
SE, Gottesman MM. 2012. Drug resistance:
still a daunting challenge to the successful
treatment of AML. Drug Resist Updates,
15: 62-69.
Shu L, Cheung K-L, Khor TO, Chen C, Kong
A-N. 2010. Phytochemicals: cancer
chemoprevention and suppression of tumor
onset and metastasis. Cancer and
Metastasis Rev, 29: 483-502.
Thielecke F, Boschmann M. 2009. The
potential role of green tea catechins in the
prevention of the metabolic syndrome–a
review. Phytochemistry, 70: 11-24.
To KK, Yu L, Liu S, Fu J, Cho CH. 2012.
Constitutive AhR activation leads to
concomitant ABCG2‐mediated multidrug
resistance in cisplatin‐resistant esophageal
carcinoma cells. Mol carcinog, 51: 449-
464.
Tu LY, Bai HH, Cai JY, Deng SP. 2016. The
mechanism of kaempferol induced
apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in
human cervical cancer SiHa cell: From
macro to nano. Scanning, 38: 644-653.
Wang J, Xie Ya, Feng Y, Zhang L, Huang X,
Shen X, Luo X. 2015. (-)-
Epigallocatechingallate induces apoptosis
in B lymphoma cells via caspase-dependent
pathway and Bcl-2 family protein
modulation. Int J Oncol, 46: 1507-1515.
Wen Y, Zhao R-Q, Zhang Y-K, Gupta P, Fu LX, Tang A-Z, Liu B-M, Chen Z-S, Yang DH, Liang G. 2017. Effect of Y6, an
epigallocatechin gallate derivative, on
reversing doxorubicin drug resistance in
human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Oncotarget, 8: 29760.
Xiao J, Ho CT, Liong EC, Nanji AA, Leung
TM, Lau TYH, Fung ML, Tipoe GL. 2014.
Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates fibrosis,
oxidative stress, and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rat model
through TGF/SMAD, PI3 K/Akt/FoxO1,
and NF-kappa B pathways. Eur J Nutr, 53:
187-199.
Xu W, Liu J, Li C, Wu H-Z, Liu Y-W. 2008.
Kaempferol-7-O-β-d-glucoside (KG)
isolated from Smilax china L. rhizome
induces G 2/M phase arrest and apoptosis
on HeLa cells in a p53-independent
manner. Cancer lett, 264: 229-240.
Yang CS, Landau JM, Huang M-T, Newmark
HL. 2001. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by
dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annu
Rev Nutr, 21: 381-406.
Zhou J, Farah BL, Sinha RA, Wu Y, Singh BK,
Bay B-H, Yang CS, Yen PM. 2014.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a
green tea polyphenol, stimulates hepatic
autophagy and lipid clearance. PLoS One,
9: e87161.