1.         Learn about stem cell research and its potential to impact human health. A Closer Look at Stem Cells. Available at: URL: http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org; 2018.

2.         Leventhal A, Chen G, Negro A, Boehm M. The benefits and risks of stem cell technology. Oral Dis 2012; 18:217-22.

3.         Stafford N. Germany liberalises law on stem cell research. BMJ 2008; 336:851.

4.         Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006; 126:663-76.

5.         Singh VK, Kalsan M, Kumar N, Saini A, Chandra R. Induced pluripotent stem cells: applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:2.

6.         Martin U. Therapeutic application of pluripotent stem cells: challenges and risks. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:229.

7.         Agid Y. Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology. Lancet 1991; 337:1321-4.

8.         Kish SJ, Shannak K, Hornykiewicz O. Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:876-80.

9.         Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson's disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1044-53.

10.       National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK). Parkinson's disease: national clinical guideline for diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK); 2006.

11.       Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Agari T, Date I. Regenerative medicine for Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Med Chir 2015; 55:113-23.

12.       Dezawa M, Kanno H, Hoshino M, Cho H, Matsumoto N, Itokazu Y, et al. Specific induction of neuronal cells from bone marrow stromal cells and application for autologous transplantation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1701-10.

13.       Danielyan L, Beer-Hammer S, Stolzing A, Schafer R, Siegel G, Fabian C, et al. Intranasal delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, macrophages, and microglia to the brain in mouse models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:S123-39.

14.       Salama M, Sobh M, Emam M, Abdalla A, Sabry D, El-Gamal M, et al. Effect of intranasal stem cell administration on the nigrostriatal system in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:976-82.

15        Bradley A, Evans M, Kaufman MH, Robertson E. Formation of germ-line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines. Nature 1984; 309:255-6.

16.       Bain G, Kitchens D, Yao M, Huettner JE, Gottlieb DI. Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in vitro. Dev Biol 1995; 168:342-57.

17.       Kawasaki H, Mizuseki K, Nishikawa S, Kaneko S, Kuwana Y, Nakanishi S, et al. Induction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity. Neuron 2000; 28:31-40.

18.       Lee SH, Lumelsky N, Studer L, Auerbach JM, McKay RD. Efficient generation of midbrain and hindbrain neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:675-9.

19.       Takagi Y, Takahashi J, Saiki H, Morizane A, Hayashi T, Kishi Y, et al. Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells function in a Parkinson primate model. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:102-9.

20.       Samata B, Doi D, Nishimura K, Kikuchi T, Watanabe A, Sakamoto Y, et al. Purification of functional human ES and iPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic progenitors using LRTM1. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13097.

21.       Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Sasaki T, Tajiri N, Date I. Cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1551-9.

22.       Yasuhara T, Matsukawa N, Hara K, Yu G, Xu L, Maki M, et al. Transplantation of human neural stem cells exerts neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12497-511.

23.       Ramos-Moreno T, Lendínez JG, Pino-Barrio MJ, del Arco A, Martínez-Serrano A. Clonal human fetal ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neuron precursors for cell therapy research. PLoS One 2013; 7:e52714.

24.       Kim SU. Human neural stem cells genetically modified for brain repair in neurological disorders. Neuropathology 2004; 24:159-71.

25.       Redmond DE Jr, Bjugstad KB, Teng YD, Ourednik V, Ourednik J, Wakeman DR, et al. Behavioral improvement in a primate Parkinson's model is associated with multiple homeostatic effects of human neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12175-80.

26.       Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders. Nature 2006; 441:1094-6.

27.       Kadoya K, Tsukada S, Lu P, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Filbin MT, et al. Combined intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal mechanisms facilitate bridging axonal regeneration one year after spinal cord injury. Neuron 2009; 64:165-72.

28.       Mothe AJ, Tator CH. Advances in stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3824-34.

29.       Deshpande DM, Kim YS, Martinez T, Carmen J, Dike S, Shats I, et al. Recovery from paralysis in adult rats using embryonic stem cells. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:32-44.

30.       Li JY, Christophersen NS, Hall V, Soulet D, Brundin P. Critical issues of clinical human embryonic stem cell therapy for brain repair. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:146-53.

31.       Newsome PN, Johannessen I, Boyle S, Dalakas E, McAulay KA, Samuel K, et al. Human cord blood-derived cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in the mouse liver with no evidence of cellular fusion. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1891-900.

32.       Park HC, Shim YS, Ha Y, Yoon SH, Park SR, Choi BH, et al. Treatment of complete spinal cord injury patients by autologous bone marrow cell transplantation and administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Tissue Eng 2005; 11:913-22.

33.       Sykova E, Homola A, Mazanec R, Lachmann H, Konradova SL, Kobylka P, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with subacute and chronic spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2006; 15:675-87.

34        Dobkin BH. What matters in cellular transplantation for spinal cord injury: the cells, the rehabilitation, or the best mix? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010; 24:7-9.

35.       Jendelova P, Herynek V, Urdzikova L, Glogarova K, Kroupova J, Andersson B, et al. Magnetic resonance tracking of transplanted bone marrow and embryonic stem cells labeled by iron oxide nanoparticles in rat brain and spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:232-43.

36.       Jendelová P, Herynek V, Urdziková L, Glogarová K, Rahmatová Š, Fales I, et al. Magnetic resonance tracking of human CD34 progenitor cells separated by means of immunomagnetic selection and transplanted into injured rat brain. Cell Transplant 2005; 14:173-82.

37.       Kishk NA, Gabr H, Hamdy S, Afifi L, Abokresha N, Mahmoud H, et al. Case control series of intrathecal autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy for chronic spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010; 24:702-8.

38.       Ohta M, Suzuki Y, Noda T, Ejiri Y, Dezawa M, Kataoka K, et al. Bone marrow stromal cells infused into the cerebrospinal fluid promote functional recovery of the injured rat spinal cord with reduced cavity formation. Exp Neurol 2004; 187:266-78.

39.       Park CW, Kim KS, Bae S, Son HK, Myung PK, Hong HJ, et al. Cytokine secretion profiling of human mesenchymal stem cells by antibody array. Int J Stem Cells 2009; 2:59-68.

40.       Park JH, Kim DY, Sung IY, Choi GH, Jeon MH, Kim KK, et al. Long-term results of spinal cord injury therapy using mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow in humans. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:1238-47.

41.       Abrams MB, Dominguez C, Pernold K, Reger R, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Olson L, et al. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate chronic inflammation and injury-induced sensitivity to mechanical stimuli in experimental spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2009; 27:307-21.

42.       Geffner LF, Santacruz P, Izurieta M, Flor L, Maldonado B, Auad AH, et al. Administration of autologous bone marrow stem cells into spinal cord injury patients via multiple routes is safe and improves their quality of life: comprehensive case studies. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:1277-93.

43.       Hofstetter CP, Holmström NA, Lilja JA, Schweinhardt P, Hao J, Spenger C, et al. Allodynia limits the usefulness of intraspinal neural stem cell grafts; directed differentiation improves outcome. Nature Neurosci 2005; 8:346-53.

44.       Park DH, Lee JH, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR, Chung YG, Cho TH. Transplantation of umbilical cord blood stem cells for treating spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Rev 2011; 7:181-94.

45.       Ning G, Tang L, Wu Q, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang C, et al. Human umbilical cord blood stem cells for spinal cord injury: early transplantation results in better local angiogenesis. Regen Med 2013; 8:271-81.

46.       Willing AE, Lixian J, Milliken M, Poulos S, Zigova T, Song S, et al. Intravenous versus intrastriatal cord blood administration in a rodent model of stroke. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:296-307.

47.       Yao L, He C, Zhao Y, Wang J, Tang M, Li J, et al. Human umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury: electrophysiological changes and long-term efficacy. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:397-403.

48.       Zhu H, Poon W, Liu Y, Leung GK, Wong Y, Feng Y, et al. Phase I–II clinical trial assessing safety and efficacy of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell transplant therapy of chronic complete spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1925-43.

49.       Andres RH, Guzman R, Ducray AD, Mordasini P, Gera A, Barth A, et al. Cell replacement therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E16.

50.       Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Circulation 2007; 115:e478-534.

51.       Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Cell-based therapy in ischemic stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:1193-201.

52.       Andres RH, Guzman R, Ducray AD, Mordasini P, Gera A, Barth A, et al. Cell replacement therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E16.

53.       Bliss T, Guzman R, Daadi M, Steinberg GK. Cell transplantation therapy for stroke. Stroke 2007; 38:817-26.

54.       Savitz SI, Dinsmore J, Wu J, Henderson GV, Stieg P, Caplan LR. Neurotransplantation of fetal porcine cells in patients with basal ganglia infarcts: a preliminary safety and feasibility study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20:101-7.

55.       Wichterle H, Lieberam I, Porter JA, Jessell TM. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. Cell 2002; 110:385-97.

56.       Tae-Hoon L, Yoon-Seok L. Transplantation of mouse embryonic stem cell after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:333-9.

57.       Nagai N, Kawao N, Okada K, Okumoto K, Teramura T, Ueshima S, et al. Systemic transplantation of embryonic stem cells accelerates brain lesion decrease and angiogenesis. Neuroreport 2010; 21:575-9.

58.       Ishibashi S, Sakaguchi M, Kuroiwa T, Yamasaki M, Kanemura Y, Shizuko I, et al. Human neural stem/progenitor cells, expanded in long-term neurosphere culture, promote functional recovery after focal ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:215-23.

59.       Iskander A, Knight RA, Zhang ZG, Ewing JR, Shankar A, Varma NR, et al. Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood-derived AC133+ endothelial progenitor cells in rat stroke model reduces infarct volume: magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:703-14.

60.       Darsalia V, Kallur T, Kokaia Z. Survival, migration and neuronal differentiation of human fetal striatal and cortical neural stem cells grafted in stroke-damaged rat striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:605-14.

61.       Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006; 126:663-76.

62.       Mine Y, Tatarishvili J, Oki K, Monni E, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Grafted human neural stem cells enhance several steps of endogenous neurogenesis and improve behavioral recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 52:191-203.

63.       Roitberg BZ, Mangubat E, Chen EY, Sugaya K, Thulborn KR, Kordower JH, et al. Survival and early differentiation of human neural stem cells transplanted in a nonhuman primate model of stroke. J Neurosurg 2006; 105:96-102.

64.       Zhang RL, Zhang ZG, Roberts C, LeTourneau Y, Lu M, Zhang L, et al. Lengthening the G1 phase of neural progenitor cells is concurrent with an increase of symmetric neuron generating division after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 28:602-11.

65.       Vojtek AB, Taylor J, DeRuiter SL, Yu JY, Figueroa C, Kwok RP, et al. Akt regulates basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor-coactivator complex formation and activity during neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4417-27.

66.       Liu XS, Zhang ZG, Zhang RL, Gregg S, Morris DC, Wang Y, et al. Stroke induces gene profile changes associated with neurogenesis and angiogenesis in adult subventricular zone progenitor cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:564-74.

67.       Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O. Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nat Med 2002; 8:963-70.

68.       Martínez-Garza DM, Cantú-Rodríguez OG, Jaime-Pérez JC, Gutiérrez-Aguirre CH, Góngora-Rivera JF, Gómez-Almaguer D. Current state and perspectives of stem cell therapy for stroke. Med Univ 2016; 18:169-80.

69.       Honmou O, Onodera R, Sasaki M, Waxman SG, Kocsis JD. Mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic outlook for stroke. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:292-7.

70.       Tohill M, Mantovani C, Wiberg M, Terenghi G. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express glial markers and stimulate nerve regeneration. Neurosci Lett 2004; 362:200-3.

71.       Huang W, Mo X, Qin C, Zheng J, Liang Z, Zhang C. Transplantation of differentiated bone marrow stromal cells promotes motor functional recovery in rats with stroke. Neurol Res 2013; 35:320-8.

72.       Bang OY, Lee JS, Lee PH, Lee G. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:874-82.

73.       Ghazavi H, Hoseini SJ, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Mashkani B, Mehri S, Ghorbani A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor type 1 (FGF1)-overexpressed adipose-derived mesenchaymal stem cells (AD-MSC(FGF1)) induce neuroprotection and functional recovery in a rat stroke model. Stem Cell Rev 2017; 13:670-85.

74.       Hoseini SJ, Ghazavi H, Forouzanfar F, Mashkani B, Ghorbani A, Mahdipour E, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 1-transfected adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote angiogenic proliferation. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:401-12.

75.       Felfly H, Muotri A, Yao H, Haddad GG. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation protects mice from lethal stroke. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:284-93.

76.       Kasahara Y, Yamahara K, Soma T, Stern DM, Nakagomi T, Matsuyama T, et al. Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells: intra-arterial versus intravenous administration impacts stroke outcomes in a murine model. Transl Res 2016; 176:69-80.

77.       Mocco J, Afzal A, Ansari S, Wolfe A, Caldwell K, Connolly ES, et al. SDF1-A facilitates Lin−/Sca1+ cell homing following murine experimental cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85615.

78.       Mahdipour E, Charnock JC, Mace KA. Hoxa3 promotes the differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into proangiogenic Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid cells. Blood 2011; 117:815-26.

79.       Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007; 131:861-72.

80.       Abe K, Yamashita T, Takizawa S, Kuroda S, Kinouchi H, Kawahara N. Stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemia: from basic science to clinical applications. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1317-31.

81.       Kawai H, Yamashita T, Ohta Y, Deguchi K, Nagotani S, Zhang X, et al. Tridermal tumorigenesis of induced pluripotent stem cells transplanted in ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1487-93.

82.       Miura K, Okada Y, Aoi T, Okada A, Takahashi K, Okita K, et al. Variation in the safety of induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Nat Biotechnol 2009; 27:743-5.

83.       Yamashita T, Kawai H, Tian F, Ohta Y, Abe K. Tumorigenic development of induced pluripotent stem cells in ischemic mouse brain. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:883-91.

84.       Baker EW, Platt SR, Lau VW, Grace HE, Holmes SP, Wang L, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cell therapy enhances recovery in an ischemic stroke pig model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10075.

85.       Rodrigues MC, Dmitriev D, Rodrigues A Jr, Glover LE, Sanberg PR, Allickson JG, et al. Menstrual blood transplantation for ischemic stroke: therapeutic mechanisms and practical issues. Interv Med Appl Sci 2012; 4:59-68.

86.       Sanberg PR, Eve DJ, Willing AE, Garbuzova-Davis S, Tan J, Sanberg CD, et al. The treatment of neurodegenerative disorders using umbilical cord blood and menstrual blood-derived stem cells. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:85-94.

87.       Borlongan CV, Kaneko Y, Maki M, Yu SJ, Ali M, Allickson JG, et al. Menstrual blood cells display stem cell-like phenotypic markers and exert neuroprotection following transplantation in experimental stroke. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:439-52.

88.       Moniche F, Rosado-de-Castro PH, Escudero I, Zapata E, de la Torre Laviana FJ, Mendez-Otero R, et al. Increasing dose of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation is related to stroke outcome: results from a pooled analysis of two clinical trials. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8657173.

89.       Kalladka D, Sinden J, Pollock K, Haig C, McLean J, Smith W, et al. Human neural stem cells in patients with chronic ischaemic stroke (PISCES): a phase 1, first-in-man study. Lancet 2016; 388:787-96.

90.       Honmou O. Phase III clinical trial using autologous mesenchymal stem cells for stroke patients. Nihon Rinsho 2016; 74:649-54.

91.       Steinberg GK, Kondziolka D, Wechsler LR, Lunsford LD, Coburn ML, Billigen JB, et al. Clinical outcomes of transplanted modified bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells in stroke: a phase 1/2a study. Stroke 2016; 47:1817-24.

92.       Nagpal A, Kremer KL, Hamilton-Bruce MA, Kaidonis X, Milton AG, Levi C, et al. TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans): study protocol for evaluating safety and feasibility of autologous human adult dental pulp stem cell therapy in patients with chronic disability after stroke. Int J Stroke 2016; 11:575-85.

93.       Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:764-72.

94.       Black PM, Loeffler JS. Cancer of the nervous system. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

95.       Sanai N, Alvarez-Buylla A, Berger MS. Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:811-22.

96.       Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:459-66.

97.       Teng J, Hejazi S, Badr CE, Tannous BA. Systemic anticancer neural stem cells in combination with a cardiac glycoside for glioblastoma therapy. Stem Cells 2014; 32:2021-32.

98.       Pacioni S, D'Alessandris QG, Giannetti S, Morgante L, Cocce V, Bonomi A, et al. Human mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit tumor growth in orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:53.

99.       Danks MK, Yoon KJ, Bush RA, Remack JS, Wierdl M, Tsurkan L, et al. Tumor-targeted enzyme/prodrug therapy mediates long-term disease-free survival of mice bearing disseminated neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:22-5.

100.     Dickson PV, Hamner JB, Burger RA, Garcia E, Ouma AA, Kim SU, et al. Intravascular administration of tumor tropic neural progenitor cells permits targeted delivery of interferon-β and restricts tumor growth in a murine model of disseminated neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:48-53.

101.     Bagci-Onder T, Du W, Figueiredo JL, Martinez-Quintanilla J, Shah K. Targeting breast to brain metastatic tumours with death receptor ligand expressing therapeutic stem cells. Brain 2015; 138:1710-21.

102.     Sasportas LS, Kasmieh R, Wakimoto H, Hingtgen S, van de Water JA, Mohapatra G, et al. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy and fate of engineered human mesenchymal stem cells for cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4822-7.

103.     Shah K, Tung CH, Breakefield XO, Weissleder R. In vivo imaging of S-TRAIL-mediated tumor regression and apoptosis. Mol Ther 2005; 11:926-31.

104.     Nakamizo A, Marini F, Amano T, Khan A, Studeny M, Gumin J, et al. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of gliomas. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3307-18.

105.     Hong X, Miller C, Savant-Bhonsale S, Kalkanis SN. Antitumor treatment using interleukin- 12-secreting marrow stromal cells in an invasive glioma model. Neurosurgery 2009; 64:1139-46.

106.     Xu G, Jiang XD, Xu Y, Zhang J, Huang FH, Chen ZZ, et al. Adenoviral-mediated interleukin-18 expression in mesenchymal stem cells effectively suppresses the growth of glioma in rats. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:466-74.

107.     Strojby S, Eberstal S, Svensson A, Fritzell S, Bexell D, Siesjo P, et al. Intratumorally implanted mesenchymal stromal cells potentiate peripheral immunotherapy against malignant rat gliomas. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:240-3.

108.     Wang Y, Jiang T. Understanding high grade glioma: molecular mechanism, therapy and comprehensive management. Cancer Lett 2013; 331:139-46.

109      Stuckey DW, Hingtgen SD, Karakas N, Rich BE, Shah K. Engineering toxin-resistant therapeutic stem cells to treat brain tumors. Stem Cells 2015; 33:589-600.

110.     Altaner C, Altanerova V, Cihova M, Ondicova K, Rychly B, Baciak L, et al. Complete regression of glioblastoma by mesenchymal stem cells mediated prodrug gene therapy simulating clinical therapeutic scenario. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:1458-65.

111.     Kim SK, Kim SU, Park IH, Bang JH, Aboody KS, Wang KC, et al. Human neural stem cells target experimental intracranial medulloblastoma and deliver a therapeutic gene leading to tumor regression. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5550-6.

112.     Zhao Y, Lam DH, Yang J, Lin J, Tham CK, Ng WH, et al. Targeted suicide gene therapy for glioma using human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells genetically modified by baculoviral vectors. Gene Ther 2012; 19:189-200.

113.     Lee JY, Lee DH, Kim HA, Choi SA, Lee HJ, Park CK, et al. Double suicide gene therapy using human neural stem cells against glioblastoma: double safety measures. J Neurooncol 2014; 116:49-57.

114.     Martinez-Quintanilla J, Bhere D, Heidari P, He D, Mahmood U, Shah K. Therapeutic efficacy and fate of bimodal engineered stem cells in malignant brain tumors. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1706-14.

115.     Li L, Guan Y, Liu H, Hao N, Liu T, Meng X, et al. Silica nanorattle-doxorubicin-anchored mesenchymal stem cells for tumor-tropic therapy. ACS Nano 2011; 5:7462-70.

116.     Mooney R, Weng Y, Tirughana-Sambandan R, Valenzuela V, Aramburo S, Garcia E, et al. Neural stem cells improve intracranial nanoparticle retention and tumor-selective distribution. Future Oncol 2014; 10:401-15.

117.     Rachakatla RS, Balivada S, Seo GM, Myers CB, Wang H, Samarakoon TN, et al. Attenuation of mouse melanoma by A/C magnetic field after delivery of bi-magnetic nanoparticles by neural progenitor cells. ACS Nano 2010; 4:7093-104.

118.     Gholami L, Tafaghodi M, Abbasi B, Daroudi M, Kazemi Oskuee R. Preparation of superparamagnetic iron oxide/doxorubicin loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a promising glioblastoma theranostic tool. J Cell Physiol 2017; 234:1547-59.

119.     Chiocca EA, Aghi M, Fulci G. Viral therapy for glioblastoma. Cancer J 2003; 9:167-79.

120.     Nawaz M, Fatima F, Vallabhaneni KC, Penfornis P, Valadi H, Ekstrom K, et al. Extracellular vesicles: evolving factors in stem cell biology. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1073140.

121      Bruno S, Collino F, Iavello A, Camussi G. Effects of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles on tumor growth. Front Immunol 2014; 5:382.

122.     Lee HK, Finniss S, Cazacu S, Bucris E, Ziv-Av A, Xiang C, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells deliver synthetic microRNA mimics to glioma cells and glioma stem cells and inhibit their cell migration and self-renewal. Oncotarget 2013; 4:346-61.

123.     Pacioni S, D’Alessandris QG, Giannetti S, Morgante L, De Pascalis I, Coccè V, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells loaded with paclitaxel induce cytotoxic damage in glioblastoma brain xenografts. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:194.

124.     Yang T, Zhang X, Wang M, Zhang J, Huang F, Cai J, et al. Activation of mesenchymal stem cells by macrophages prompts human gastric cancer growth through NF-κB pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97569.

125.     Karnoub AE, Dash AB, Vo AP, Sullivan A, Brooks MW, Bell GW, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2007; 449:557-63.